NK FOOTPRINTS 2.0

allegedly arrested on 29 May 2008, in Shenyang, China, and repatriated to the Shinuiju City Security Agency in DPRK on 1 June 2008

allegedly arrested by the National Security Agency in a house in Hoiryung, North Hamkyung Province, in May 2014

allegedly arrested by the National Security Agency (NSA) from his workplace at a hospital in North Pyongan Province, DPRK, in August 1999

a DPRK national, allegedly disappeared in February 2007 while attempting to leave the country, last seen in an identified political prison camp in DPRK

allegedly detained in the State Security Department deten-tion centre in Hyesan City, Ryanggang Province, Democratic People's Republic of Korea after being repatriated from China on 1 October 2016

allegedly abducted from Seoul by North Korean forces between 28 and 30 June 1950

an ROK national, allegedly abducted by DPRK soldiers while on a fishing boat on Incheon Port, on 12 April 1967

Mr. Choi Sang Soo, a prisoner of war from South Korea, and his son escaped to China in July 1999, but were arrested by agents from the National Security Agency on 18 September 1999. They were forcibly repatriated to North Korea and sent to the Hoiryeong National Security Agency, where they were subjected to severe physical abuse. They were later transferred to Camp No. 25.

Ms. Kim Hyeon Sun and her son, Kim Gyeong Il, were arrested by agents from the National Security Agency in January 2011 At the Tumen riverside while attempting to cross the border into China. They were sent to the NSA facilities for purposes of interrogation and transferred to Camp No. 25 in September 2011.

Ms. Park Sung Ok, who defected to China, was arrested with other defectors by the border garrison of the Chinese police and forcibly repatriated to North Korea in 2007. Later, she was sentenced to three years imprisonment in Camp No. 25. The source reports that there was no official communication from the NSA to the families of Mr. Choi, Ms. Kim, and Ms. Park about their fates and whereabouts, and that they were not provided a legal basis for their detentions.

The WGAD found that the detention of Choi Sang Soo, Choi Seong II, Kim Hyeon Sun, Kim Gyeong II and Park Sung Ok is arbitrary and in violation of articles 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19 and 20 of the UDHR and articles 8, 9, 12 and 14, 18, 19 of the ICCPR and falls within categories I, II and III. The WGAD requested North Korea to immediately release them and accord them an enforceable right to compensation.

allegedly detained in the State Security Department detention centre in Hyesan City, Ryanggang Province, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, after being repatriated from China on 1 October 2016

Mr. Choi Seong Jai was arrested at his home by agents of National Security Agency (NSA) in 2000 for stealing and concealing a border guard’s weapon, and committing treason against the state for crossing the border into China. He was held at the NSA facility for approximately six months. Reportedly, Mr. Choi was tortured beyond recognition in detention.

Ms. Hong Won Ok was arrested in 2002 and imprisoned in a political prison camp for treason. Reportedly, Ms. Hong had regularly and publicly complained about the living and political situation in North Korea, which is considered reactionary conduct. According to a source, her punishment was compounded because of her guilt by association with her husband.

Mr. Kim Seong Do and Mr. Lee Hak Cheol were arrested in May 2012 by an NSA agent for communicating with Mr. Lee’s father, Mr. Jeon Young Cheol, helping him film, and delivering a camera and money. Mr. Jeon was involved with a dissident group, established to destroy statues of Kim Il Sung. Kim Seoul Ill - Kim Seong Do’s brother - and Lee Gook Cheol were arrested based upon guilt by association with Kim Seong Do and Lee Hak Cheol. All four individuals were reportedly detained in a political prison camp on account of propaganda against the country, treason, and espionage.

Ms. Kim Mi Rae was arrested together along with her husband, younger sister, and son - Lee Jee Hun - en route to South Korea and detained, reportedly on account of treason against the state by defection. She was detained at the NSA detention facility and later transferred to the No. 16 political prison camp.

North Korea denied these alleged cases and did not provide any information about the current situation of the three individuals. The WGAD indicated that, under certain circumstances, widespread, or systemic imprisonment or other severe deprivation of liberty in violation of international law may constitute crimes against humanity. The WGAD found the detention of Choi Seong Jai, Hong Won Ok, Kim Seong Do, Kim Seong Il, Lee Hak Cheol, Lee Gook Cheol, Kim Mi Rae, and Lee Jee Hoon to be in violation of articles 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19 and 20 of the UDHR, and articles 8, 9, 12 and 14, 18, 19 of the ICCPR and arbitrary falling within categories I, II and III. The WGAD requested that North Korea release them immediately and accord them an enforceable right to compensation.

allegedly arrested on a fishing boat near Yeonpyeong Island, to the west of the Korean Peninsula, by DPRK Coast Guard on 5 June 1967

allegedly abducted from the vessel Myeongdeok-ho, near the Fishery Boundary Line, on 20 November 1965 by officers of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

allegedly taken from his house by agents of the National Security Agency of the DPRK, in the summer of 1975

allegedly abducted from navy vessel I-2 in the Yellow Sea on 5 June 1970, by individuals from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

allegedly abducted in Hoeryong City State, North Hamgyong Province on 1 October 2005 by DPRK forces

allegedly arrested by the National Security Agency in her home in Hoiryung City, in early October 1995

a DPRK national, allegedly arrested by Chinese police in Heilongjiang on 22 June 2007 and handed over to the Sinuiju Security Agency in DPRK

allegedly arrested by DPRK National Security Agency officers on 17 February 2011

an ROK national, allegedly abducted by DPRK agents from a beach on Hongdo Island, in August 1978

allegedly abducted from the street in Seoul, ROK by the North Korean military authorities, in late July 1950

allegedly arrested by the National Security Agency in Pyongyang in June 1999

In May 2001, Il Joo was arrested by agents from the National Security Agency. It was reported that he was detained for receiving money from his sister, who had defected to South Korea, which constitutes espionage under North Korea's criminal law. Cheol Yong Kim was arrested for allegedly reading a magazine from ROK and meeting with a South Korean when he was in China, which falls under espionage. Eun Ho Kim was arrested by an NSA agent for watching a video from South Korea and criticizing the food-rationing system, which constitutes anti-state propaganda and agitation. Kwang Ho Kim was arrested for watching a South Korean video. Sang Min Yoon was arrested for allegedly telling a friend that he sold military equipment abroad, which constitutes espionage. According to the source, these individuals were arrested without being presented with an arrest warrant or a copy of another decision issued by a North Korean authority. In response to the WGAD's allegations, North Korea did not address the substance of the allegations.

The WGAD found the deprivation of liberty of Il Joo, Cheol Yong Kim, Eun Ho Kim, Kwang Ho Kim and Seong Min Yoon to be in contravention of articles 17 and 19 of the UDHR and articles 12 and 19 of the ICCPR, and arbitrary falling within categories I and II. The WGAD requested that North Korea release them immediately and accord them an enforceable right to compensation. The WGAD further request North Korea to provide it with more information.

allegedly turned himself in to the National Security Agency (NSA) on 5 August 1997, after his plan to leave DPRK was reported to the authorities

a DPRK national, allegedly arrested by Chinese police in Heilongjiang on 22 June 2007 and handed over to the Sinuiju Security Agency in DPRK

allegedly abducted on 6 January 1971 on the Yellow Sea, near the Northern Limit Line, by DPRK agents

a DPRK national, allegedly arrested by Chinese police in Heilongjiang on 22 June 2007 and handed over to the Sinuiju Security Agency in DPRK

allegedly abducted from a boat near the Northern Limit Line, Republic of Korea on 15 February 1974 by Democratic People's Republic of Korea forces

Kyeong-Hee Kang who resided in China was arrested in China on 25 August 2008 together with her teenage son and other defectors. Ms. Kang was reportedly sent to Yodok political prison camp, and her son was sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment in Gaecheon re-education camp. Seung Cheol Kim was arrested with 12 other defectors when he was attempting to enter Mongolia to seek asylum. Keum Nam Lee was arrested along with other defectors when she intended to seek asylum in South Korea and later was sent to Yodok political prison camp. Myung-Ju Lee was arrested in China and forcibly repatriated to North Korea. Ms. Lee was reportedly detained in City of Hoeryoung under the custody of the NSA for defecting from North Korea and reading the Bible. The source reports that Ms. Lee was seriously abused during the investigation and has suffered sustained injuries. Ms. Lee was later sent to political prison camp No. 16 in September 2015. All four individuals were arrested without any warrant being presented or legal procedure being followed.

The WGAD found the deprivation of liberty by the authorities of China of Kyeong-Hee Kang, Seung Cheol Kim, Keum Nam Lee and Myung-Ju Lee to be in contravention of articles 9, 10 and 11 of the UDHR, arbitrary falling within categories I, III and V.

The WGAD found that deprivation of liberty by the authorities of North Korea of Kyeong-Hee Kang, Seung Cheol Kim, Keum Nam Lee and Myung-Ju Lee to be in contravention of articles 9, 10, 11 and 13 of the UDHR and articles 9, 14 and 18 of the ICCPR, and arbitrary falling within categories I, II and III. The WGAD requested that North Korea release them immediately and accord her an enforceable right to compensation. The WGAD further requested North Korea and China to provide it with more information.

Ms. Kang Mi-ho was allegedly taken with her eleven-year-old son, Kim Jeong-nam, to Yodok political prison camp around May 2011. They were detained because she had reportedly received money from her brother, who had defected to South Korea. Mr. Shin Kyung-seop was taken to Camp No. 14 along with his parents and two brothers by the National Security Agency in 1965 because of his brother’s defection during the Korean War. The entire family has spent more than forty years in Camp No. 14, where they have allegedly been subject to torture. North Korea denied these alleged cases and did not provide any information about the current situation of the three individuals.

The WGAD concerned about human rights violations in North Korea and indicated that, under certain circumstances, widespread or systemic imprisonment or other sever deprivation of liberty may constitute crimes against humanity. The WGAD found that the deprivation of liberty of Ms. Kang, Mr. Kim and Mr. Shin is arbitrary and in violation of article 9 and 10 of the UDHR and article 9 and 14 of the ICCPR and falls within categories I and III. Further, the WGAD requested North Korea to release Ms. Kang, Mr. Kim and Mr. Shin immediately and award them compensation.

a DPRK national, allegedly arrested by Chinese police on 27 October 2004 and repatriated to DPRK